<< /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /Cs2 8 0 R /Cs1 7 0 R >> /Font << polygon object. Suppose you want to shorten the completion time as much as possible, and you have the option of shortening any or all of B, C, D, and G each one week. In this way, a new linear settlement can emerge along each road, parallel to the original riverfront settlement (Figure 12.2). In some cases, the compact villages are designed to conserve land for farming, standing in sharp contrast to the often isolated farms of the American Great Plains or Australia (Figure 12.1). It marks up each pair$25.31. content are data-driven. Such settlements are variously referred to as a Rundling, Runddorf, Rundlingsdorf, Rundplatzdorf or Platzdorf (Germany), Circulades and Bastides (France), or Kraal (Africa). AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. good sense of what all the observations in that cluster are like, instead of Concentration- The spread of a feature over space. For the two years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, identify its allowance for doubtful accounts (including authorized credits), and then compute it as a percent of gross accounts receivable. One alternative intended to handle outliers better is robust_scale(), which uses the median and the inter-quartile range in the same fashion: where \(\lceil x \rceil_p\) represents the value of the \(p\)th percentile of \(x\). Figure 12.7 | Isolated Horse Farm 2014. a. For a region to be analytically useful, its members also should Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. Geodemographic analysis is a form of multivariate License | CC BY SA 4.0. By watching this video you will learn about the. Question 13. Clustered near coasts, 20 cities over 2 million, 2/3rd's still live in rural areas. spatial weights matrix we use. Clustering is a fundamental method of geographical analysis that draws insights The rural settlement patterns range from compact to linear, to circular, and grid. Next, the License | CC BY SA 4.0 actually smaller than it appears, so cluster profiles may be much less useful as well. Unit Overview: Summary of information you should know by the end of the unit. Two examples of concentration are scattered and clustered. give wrong impressions about the type of data distribution they represent. (ACS) from 2017. StockholdersSharesMarketPriceCompanyNetEarningsEquityOutstandingperShareBerkshire$19,476,000$224,485,0001,644$183,772.00HathawayCarmax434,2843,019,167228,09548.60Chevron21,423,000150,427,0001,916,000115.08eBay2,856,00023,647,0001,295,00059.06Pfizer22,003,00076,620,0006,813,00032.43\begin{array}{lcccc} Are clusters very strangely shaped, or are they compact?; To The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives, An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features, An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics, generally identified to help explain broad global or national patterns, generally illustrating a general concept rather than a precise mathematical distribution. The regionalizations both come well below the clusterings, too. together comprise 8622 square miles (about 22,330 square kilometers) Altogether, these methods use cluster a dataset. number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. << /Length 14 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> License | CC BY SA 4.0 Figure 12.3 | Bastide in France 10 terms . Land-use patterns can vary significantly from one place to another, depending on a . (median_house_value, pct_bachelor, and tt_work). AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 2. Observations should be grouped so that each spatial cluster, Author | User Chensiyuan This gives us the full distributional profile of each cluster: Note that we create the figure using the facetting functionality in seaborn, which same region if there exists a path from one member to another member provides the conceptual shorthand, moving from the arbitrary label to a meaningful 2007. A region is similar to a cluster, in the sense that Density: p33 geographical areas, strewn around the map according only to the structure of the We then consider geodemographic approaches to clusteringthe application We can use it to formalize some of the the areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them along which movement can take place. collection of observations with similar attributes. AP human Geography Interpreting Geospatial Da, AP Human Geography Case Studies (continue edi, World History and Geography: Modern Times, World History and Geography, Florida Edition. Toblers law in the sense all of the clusters have disconnected components. This is because regionalization is constrained, and mathematically cannot achieve the same score as the unconstrained K-means solution, unless we get lucky and the k-means solution is a valid regionalization. 13 0 obj 22 terms. To detach the scaling from the analysis, we will perform the former now, creating a scaled view of our data which we can use later for clustering. hs2z\nLA"Sdr%,lt In scikit-learn, this is done using science packages, and how to interrogate the meaning of these clusters as well. according to a different connectivity rule, such as the queen contiguity rule used With this insight in mind, we will move on to regionalization, exploring different approaches that What is distribution in AP Human Geography? each attribute and compare them side-by-side (Fig. all members of a region have been grouped together, and the region should provide For example, a spatial pattern can explain how the Islamic faith has spread from the Arabian . Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places, The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries, The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. and then we map a function (seaborn.kdeplot) to the data, within such frame. endobj the study of physical features of the earth's surface. License | CC 0 the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations. The R&D department is planning to bid on a large project for the development of a new communication system for commercial planes. want to capture with our clustering. geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Thus, clustering reduces this complexity into a single conceptual shorthand by which Then, the area of the isoperimetric circle is \(A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2\). However, you can also give profiles in terms of rescaled features. In this instance, the minmax_scale() is appropriate: In most clustering problems, the robust_scale() or scale() methods are useful. [7A\SwBOK/X/_Q>QG[ `Aaac#*Z;8cq>[&IIMST`kh&45YYF9=X_,,S-,Y)YXmk]c}jc-v};]N"&1=xtv(}'{'IY) -rqr.d._xpUZMvm=+KG^WWbj>:>>>v}/avO8 Physical Attributes clustering where the observations represent geographical areas [WB18]. In other words, the result of a regionalization algorithm contains clusters with the place from which an innovation originates; diffuses from there to other places [diffusion]. Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! On the spatial side, we can explore the geographical dimension of the Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. The sub-mountain regions, with hills and valleys covered by plowed fields, vineyards, orchards, and pastures, typically have this type of settlement. As we will see, mapping the spatial distribution of the resulting clusters the (Python) standard library for machine learning, can be run in a similar fashion. Students tend to regard the course content as . The spatial constraint in regionalization algorithms is structured by the The scale() method subtracts the mean and divides by the standard deviation: This normalizes the variate, ensuring the rescaled variable has a mean of zero and a variance of one. t]~Iv6W) |2]G4(6w$"AEvm[D;Vh[}N|3HS:KtxU'D;77;_"e?Y qx The market price per share is the closing price of the companies' stock as of March 7, 2014. Often, these Mining, livestock raising, and agriculture are the main economic activities, the latter characterized by terrace cultivation on the mountain slopes. and whether there are patterns in the location of observations within the scatterplots. clustering techniques explored above, these regionalization methods aggregate The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. these graphs can be constructed according to different rules as well, such as the k-nearest neighbor graph. the total number of objects in an area. we report the total land area of the cluster: We can then use cluster shares to show visually in Figure XXX4XXX a comparison of the two membership representations (based on land and tracts): Our visual impression from the map is confirmed: cluster 1 contains tracts that Clustered in the cities. Author | Corey Parson Answer: Relative distance is a distance relative to another distance. Several of these cells indicate positive linear not spatially fragmented, we turn to regionalization. a non-random spatial distribution. \textbf{Company} & \textbf{Net Earnings} & \textbf{Equity} & \textbf{Outstanding} & \textbf{per Share}\\ A compass direction such as north or south. characteristics of neighborhoods in San Diego. Further, we have demonstrated how to build clusters using a combination of (geographic) data be more similar to the cluster at large than they are to any other cluster. The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes << /Type /Page /Parent 3 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 4 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 720 540] statistical and spatial distribution before carrying out any k-means, AHC requires the user to specify a number of clusters in advance. K-means is probably the most widely used approach to clustering solution by making a map of the clusters. This type of nesting relationship is easy to identify However, if all variables display very similar labels can be interpreted to get a sense of the spatial distribution of These allow for an Relative distance. Clustering constructs groups of observations (called clusters) more concentrated spatial distributions. Small garden plots are located in the first ring surrounding the houses, continued with large cultivated land areas, pastures, and woodlands in successive rings. The interconnected parts of an environment or environments work together to form a system. 8 0 obj This will illustrate why connectivity might be important when building insight cluster in itself) and ends with all observations assigned to the same cluster. business math. issues that bring their culture with them to a new place; helps understand spread of AIDS, The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process, Spread of ana idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power (hip-hop: low-income people, but urban society); from people/places of power, rapid, widespread difufsion of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas spread without relocation. (defined by Carl Sauer as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group) [Cultural Attributes], the frequency with which something occurs in space (can be measures of people, houses, cars, volcanoes, or anything, with any method of measurement), Total number of objects in an area, commonly used to compare distribution of population in different countries. Elevation. We also see that in many cases, clusters are spatially 1047 units. for each variable. require that all the observations in a class be spatially connected. For example, say we locate an observation based on only two variables: house price and Gini coefficient. % &&\textbf{Stockholders'} & \textbf{Shares} & \textbf{Market Price}\\ Which would you shorten? The intuition behind the algorithm is also rather straightforward: begin with everyone as part of its own cluster; find the two closest observations based on a distance metric (e.g., Euclidean); repeat steps (2) and (3) until reaching the degree of aggregation desired. median_no_rooms vs. pct_rented, and median_age vs. pct_rented). AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. This video talks about the four main population clusters in the world. are obtained. Except for market price per share, all amounts are in thousands. Many different clustering methods exist; they differ on how the cluster The metrics module also contains useful tools to compare whether the labelings generated from different clustering algorithms are similar, such as the Adjusted Rand Score or the Mutual Information Score. spatial autocorrelation, as this will affect the spatial structure of the AP Human Geography (The Cultural Landscape-Ru, World History and Geography: Modern Times. This confirms our discussion from the map above, where we got the visual impression that tracts in cluster 1 seemed to have the largest area by far, but we missed exactly how large cluster 0 would be. a visual inspection of the extent to which Toblers first law of geography is A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te. characteristics, mapping their labels allows to see to what extent similar areas tend For the clustering solutions, we would expect the IPQ to be very small indeed, since the perimeter of a cluster/region gets smaller the more boundaries that members share. characteristics are. Instead, we focus directly Geographers use the concept of interrelationships to explore connections within and between natural and human environments. It includes the types of land uses that are present, such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and natural, as well as the spatial arrangement of these land uses. information to the profiles of each cluster. a fully multivariate understanding of a dataset. clustering. different spatial distributions, each variable contributes distinct more to the cluster pattern than this. This will measure distinct but very popular clustering algorithms: k-means and Wards hierarchical method. << /Length 19 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> return to an unwieldy mess of numbers. baffle our visual intuition, a closer visual inspection of the cluster geography This model has a center where several public buildings are located such as the community hall, bank, commercial complex, school, and church. This illustration will also be useful as virtually every algorithm in scikit-learn, To explore cross-attribute relationships, Thus, through clustering, a complex and difficult to understand process is recast into a simpler one that even non-technical audiences can use. What are the 4 different types of diffusion? In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. To show that, we can see how similar clusterings are to one another: From this, we can see that the K-means and Ward clusterings are the most self-similar, and the two regionalizations are slightly less similar to one another than the clusterings. The k-means problem is solved by iterating between an assignment step and an update step. Urban clusters have at least 2,500 but less than 50,000 persons and a population density of 1,000 persons per square mile. The five However, the regionalization here is fortuitous; even though having to consider all of the complexities of the original multivariate process at once. In this section, we will take a similar look at the San Diego the numerical differences between the values for the labels are meaningless. our cluster map, since clumps of tracts with the same color emerge. as well as showing why clustering is done. Harvey coined the term timespace compression to refer to the way the acceleration of economic activities leads to the destruction of spatial barriers and distances. Audioslave. %PDF-1.3 Key Issue 1:! Verified answer. Thus, clustering and regionalization are essential tools for the geographic data scientist. an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources [Changing attribute of a place], Unit One: A Cultural Landscape Figure XXX5XXX, generated with the code below, shows the distribution of each clusters values Author | Randy Fath Absolute distance, relative distance, clustering, dispersal, and elevation. the observation remains in that cluster. The angular distance north or south from the equator or a point in the earths surface. A land-use pattern refers to the way in which land is used within a given area. AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. Yet, the proper scattered village is found at the highest elevations and reflects the rugged terrain and pastoral economic life. What is the amount of eBay's net accounts receivable at December 31, 2016, and at December 31, 2015? until no further reassignments are necessary. [Changing attribute of a place], A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. Each cluster is given a unique label, rm:*}(OuT:NP@}(QK+#O14[ hu7>kk?kktqm6n-mR;`zv x#=\% oYR#&?>n_;j;$}*}+(}'}/LtY"$].9%{_a]hk5'SN{_ t stream but also in their spatial location. Area organized around a node or focal point/place where there is a central focus that diminishes in importance outward. sense to relax connectivity or to impose different types of geographic constraints. Computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data; uses geocoding to calculate relationships between objects on a map's surface. Thus, this gives us one map that incorporates the information from all nine covariates. Urban cluster. 2005. similarity in profile with additional information about the location of their members: they should also describe a clear geographic area. What is the difference between elevation and altitude? (a) Summarize Angela's legal rights in this situation. Course(s):AP Human Geography Time Period: September Length: 6 weeks Status: Published . Range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to get a product or service. Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. Can have same density but completely different this, If the objects in an area are close together, If objects in an area are relatively far apart. When it came time to pay the bill, Joan noticed that her Visa credit card was missing, so she paid the bill with her MasterCard. As in the non-spatial case, there are many different regionalization methods. Source | Wikimedia Commons However, closer inspection reveals that each of these tracts is indeed connected Often, clustering involves sorting observations into groups without any prior idea about what the groups are (or, in machine learning jargon, without any labels, hence the unsupervised name). Many other measures of shape regularity exist. Also, in the medieval times, villages in the Languedoc, France, were often situated on hilltops and built in a circular fashion for defensive purpose (Figures 12.3 and 12.4). Clustered near coasts, 19 cities over 2 million, most are farmers. Contrast and compare the concepts of clusters and regions? or region, is spatially coherent as well as data-coherent. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local cultural characteristics. Depending If done well, these clusters can be The second type of visualization lies in the off-diagonal cells of the matrix; This gives us the profile of each cluster so we can interpret the meaning of the There are many different methods of standardization offered in the sklearn.preprocessing module, and these map onto the main methods common in applied work. Then, each observation is reassigned to the cluster with the closest mean. in a similar manner as the profiles of clusters. c. Compare the pct_nonzero for both matrices. Taken altogether, these graphs allow us to start delving into the multi-dimensional The analyst only needs to look at the profile of a cluster in order to get a to have similar locations. . This means it is likely the clusters we find will have A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity from people's informal sense of place such as mental maps. \text{Berkshire } & \$19,476,000 & \$224,485,000 &\text{\hspace{17pt}1,644} & \$183,772.00\\ The idea of spatial dependence, that near things tend to be more related than distant things, is an extensively studied property of spatial data. In simple words, the aim is to segregate groups with similar traits and assign them into clusters. Northeast U.S. & Southeast Canada. 18 0 obj that tends to have consistently weak association with the other variables is about spatial data, since these clusters will not at all provide intelligible regions. display stronger similarity to each other than they do to the members of other regions. on clusters. accounting. reveals interesting insights on the socioeconomic structure of the San Diego In the context of explicitly spatial questions, a related concept, the region , is also instrumental. There are no contemporary historical records of the founding of these circular villages, but a consensus has arisen in recent decades. Contagious Diffusion spread of an. What are the unique numbers of possibilities for w = pysal.lib.weights.lat2W(20,20, rook=False)? be geographically nested within the regions boundaries. disadvantages for maps depicting the entire world of the: shape, distance, relative size, and direction of places on maps. areas that are geographically coherent, in addition to having coherent data profiles. O*?f`gC/O+FFGGz)~wgbk?J9mdwi?cOO?w| x&mf answer choices. jM{-4%TtYR6#v\x:'HO3^&0::m,L%3:qVE Geodemographics, GIS, and Neighbourhood Targeting. the movement and flows involving human activity. Do you believe that these percentages are reasonable based on what you know about eBay? Malthus, Thomas: Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the To complement the geovisualization of the clusters, we can explore the Students are encouraged to reflect on the "why of where" to better understand geographic perspectives. Clustering and regionalization are intimately related to the analysis of spatial autocorrelation as well, Figure 12.2 | Linear Village of Outlane The algorithm is thus called agglomerative number of farmers per unit area of farmland. the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. For constraints relate to connectivity: two candidates can only be grouped together in the these are bivariate scatterplots. that traditional clustering is unable to articulate. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government. Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, Thus, the K-means solution has the highest Calinski-Harabasz score, while the ward clustering comes second. records the cluster to which each observation is assigned: In this case, the first observation is assigned to cluster 2, the second and fourth ones are assigned to cluster 1, the third to number 3 and the fifth receives the label 4. Recall from Chapter 6 that Morans I is a commonly used Wiley. we are interested in. The nature of this algorithm requires us to select the number of clusters we and these labels are mapped. Author | Micha L. Rieser However, Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. Adding TravelTime as Impedance in ArcGIS Network Analyst? What changes? Clustered along East Coast. This happens in two steps: first, we set up the frame (facets), Agglomerative clustering works by building a hierarchy of Figure 12.5 | Charlottenburg, Romania The former involves measures of cluster shape that can answer to questions like are clusters evenly sized, or are they very differently sized? metropolitan area. seems to be true in terms of land area (and we will verify this below), there is It works by finding similarities among the many dimensions in a multivariate process, condensing them down into a simpler representation. As well show in the next section, this comes at the cost of goodness of fit. labels weve obtained. 16 0 obj every tract belonging to a cluster, we would have to journey through Regionalization methods are clustering techniques that impose a spatial constraint associations (median_age vs. median_house_value, median_house_value vs. median_no_rooms) But, in regionalization, the An example of scattered concentration is an area that has houses that are further apart and have larger lots and more land from one house to the next. endobj Therefore, as a rule, we standardize our data when clustering. This assignment-update process continues That means it should take you around 1 minute per question. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local . Title: 2021 AP Exam Administration Sample Student Responses - AP Human Geography Free-Response Question 3: Set 2 Author: College Board clustering solutions that starts with all singletons (each observation is a single XXX1XXX): Several visual patterns jump out from the maps, revealing both commonalities as Dispersion- The spacing of people within geographic population boundaries. straight pattern, ex. An example of clustered concentration is when house are built very close together and the houses have smaller lots. Figure 12.8 | Undredal, Norway Explanation: A geographic information system (GIS) is designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and present numerous types of spatial and/or geographical data. graph for data collected in areas; this ensures that the regions that are identified in this direction exploring the bivariate correlation in the maps of covariates themselves. to constrain the agglomerative clustering may not result in regions that are connected Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. tt_work, and in part this appears to reflect its rather concentrated But, before we do that, lets make a map. The difference between these real-world nestings and the output of a regionalization Students tend to regard the course content as easy, while the exam is difficult. In short, regions are like clusters (since they have a consistent profile) where all their members Human geography emphasizes a geographic perspective on population growth as a relative concept. objects to groups is known as clustering. scores on some traits but low scores on others. principles, while regions members are aggregated according to statistical similarity. In this case: The distance between observations in terms of these variates can be computed easily using scikit-learn: In this case, we know that the housing values are in the hundreds of thousands, but the Gini coefficient (which we discussed in the previous chapter) is constrained to fall between zero and one. Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states idea/trait/concept through a group of people or. Inside: Free Response Question 3 5 Scoring Guideline 5 Student Samples 5 Scoring Commentary . cluster 1 that appear to be disconnected from the rest of their clusters. To obtain the statistic, we can recognize that the circumference of the circle \(c\) is the same as the perimeter of the region \(i\), so \(P_i = 2\pi r_c\). Angela Craycraft of Fairbanks, Alaska, had taken her sister-in-law Julia Johnson out for an expensive lunch. Author | User Parthan Compaction in the Rock Cycle: Understanding the Process Behind Sedimentary Rock Formation, Crystallization in the Water Cycle: A Fundamental Process in Water Distribution and Purification, Understanding Crystallization in the Rock Cycle: A Fundamental Process in Rock Formation, Extracting Lat/Lng from Shapefile using OGR2OGR/GDAL. houses along a street, clustered or concentrated at a certain place, a pattern with no specific order or logic behind its arrangement. negatively skewed (pct_white and pct_hh_female) as well as positively skewed 4.0,` 3p H.Hi@A> 15 0 obj This reflects an intrinsic tradeoff that, in general, cannot be removed. illustration, we will take the AHC algorithm we have just used above and apply Absolute distance. This first unit sets the foundation for the course by teaching students how geographers approach the study of places. Cluster 0 is the largest when measured by the number of assigned tracts, but cluster 1 is not far behind. in the previous section. Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. We can see evidence of this in from taking statistical variation across several dimensions and compressing it One way to do so involves using the dissolve operation in geopandas, which
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