The biggest factor affecting coastal erosion is the strength of the waves breaking along the coastline. Broadly there are two aspects of a cliff to consider: the cliff profile (a vertical cross-section) and the cliff plan (the shape of the cliff when viewed from the air). What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? Headlands and bays can form on concordant coastlines too, as has happened with Lulworth Cove, but this requires the rock to have already been weakened, possibly during an ice age. Where the cave erodes through the headland an arch is formed (see image below). Subaerial Processes: Definition & Examples | StudySmarter On a discordant coastline, alternating layers of hard and soft rock are perpendicular to the coast. What challenges have been caused by urban growth in Mumbai? ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. Which two characters are dominant? _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r Profile may exceed 90 degrees producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls. Find out about the process of longshore drift. This leaves a wave-cut platform. The boundaries of sediment cells are determined by the geography and state of the coastline. For example, this could be a joint in chalk. Cliffs and wave-cut platforms - Internet Geography Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. The sea cliff is the main landform along coasts where marine erosion is dominant. The soil continues to be lubricated and it eventually flows over the cliff face and down onto the shore at a fast speed. Weathering i s the gradual breakdown of rocks in situ, and it weakens rocks above the high tide mark. Processes and pathways of the water cycle, Processes and pathways of the carbon cycle, Changes in the carbon cycle: physical causes, Changes in the carbon cycle: Human causes, Erosion, transportation and deposition & Hjulstrm Curve, Plate tectonics theory, convection currents and sea-floor spreading, Measuring and Assessing Volcanic Activity. 3 Q What type of feature is a dip? Cliff profiles are influenced by a range of factors. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. A discordant coastline. Almera in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development, Sustainable Food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh. Influence on the Natural Greenhouse Effect. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. Weak tidal flows and a small tidal range will decide the shape and degree of stream deltas just as the size of seashore profiles. Coastal Erosion - Geography AS There are two significant tides to observe; the spring tide and the neap tide. 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? Cliffs, headlands and caves. The counterargument is that the water the material is dissolved into moves, removing the material. 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. They result from the interaction of a number of processes: Geological Sub-aerial Marine Meteorological Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalisation and measurement. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. What is the site and situation of a settlement? Over time the crack will erode further, as the result of erosional processes such as hydraulic action. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. Well-developed jointing and bedding can create steep, angular cliff faces with flat tops. A-level Chemistry Processes of coastal erosion and weathering are responsible for shaping cliffs. The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? What are the air masses that affect the UK? Usually, concordant coastlines have the same type of rock along its length. As soft rock, such as glacial till, is more susceptible to erosion it erodes more rapidly than more resistant rock such as chalk. They are typically made up of bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks). Additionally, severe joints created by weathering can increase the rate of erosion. It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. A spring will form on the cliff face at the top of the saturated layer. PDF Coasts Case Studies - SchoolGeography.com Coastal Systems and Processes. Chalk rocks tend to form vertical cliffs sometimes of great height (up to 50 metres). As always, humans have an impact on coastal erosion. Chemical weathering happens because of a weak chemical reaction between water and rocke.g. The video below shows a geo at North Landing, Flamborough. This process can be found in the chart below. How important are water and carbon to life on Earth? The material from the collapsed cliff face is eroded and transported away. (5icEm_[um 2.2. Coastal landforms of cliffed and constructive coasts Flashcards Occasionally, wave action and weathering erodes joints in the cave roof to form a blow hole. 2 Rocks such as clay become saturated with water. 5 Salt crystals can penetrate the exposed rock face. Where erosion excavates enough material along joint or bedding plane , a steep-sided inlet may be formed called a geo. What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon? How is demand for energy changing in the UK? What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon? Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. The current cannot keep larger and heavier sediment suspended above water for extended periods. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. The larger the fetch, the longer the time the wind has to affect the waves, resulting in larger waves. Soft rocks (e.g., Limestone) are more susceptible to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of chalk (e.g., Dorset) will change relatively quickly. The River Tees landforms of erosion and deposition, Case Study Ganges/Brahmaputra River Basin, Geological time is on a different time to human time, Different rocks create contrasting landforms and landscapes. 4B Wave Erosion Processes - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL Erosional Landforms - A Level Geography Edexcel Revision - Study Rocket What are the different types of weathering? Less resistant (soft) rock erodes quickly, forming gentle sloping cliffs. chalk, limestone) erode more slowly. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These processes operate on the cliff face to weaken it and provide material for coastal erosion. Fetch This is how far the waves have travelled. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai? These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. Fissures: Much smaller cracks in rocks, often only a few centimeters or millimeters long but they also represent weaknesses that erosion can exploit. Likewise, precipitation penetrates the slant through unconsolidated permeable material and afterwards makes a slip plane as it arrives at an impermeable material, for example, clay. CIE A Level Geography Past Papers What factors affect population density and distribution? What does scenery formed by erosion look like? When the roof of the arch collapses a stack is formed(see image below). Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? For example, repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks weakens the rock. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. These processes form part of the coastal erosion process. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As the cliff collapses a layer of flat rock is left behind called awave cut platform. Coastal cliffs in high latitudes are also characterized by relatively low gradients since the per glacial processes produce large amounts of cliff base materials. A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal What is a horizontal dip? As a consequence of cliff retreat another landform. The job of weathering is to debilitate precipicesthis debilitating hastens the pace of erosion. Beds that dip seaward produce gentler cliffs but are less stable because loose material can slide down the bedding planes in mass movements. If the bedding planes are flat (A), then the cliff shape will be consistent with a high cliff face. Clays, mudstones, and most igneous and metamorphic rocks are impermeable. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". At the coast there is the upper beach or backshore (backed by cliffs or sand dunes), the foreshore (periodically exposed by the tides) and the offshore area (covered by water) The coastal zone is a dynamic area with inputs and processes from land, sea and atmosphere. Beds dipping seaward can produce overhangs whilst beds dipping landward tend to produce more sloping cliffs. Suspension: Small particles are carried in water, such as sediment and clay, which can make the water appear cloudy. One component that can be considered in the rate of coastal recession and the stability of cliffs, is cliff profiles and their bedding planes. When overlying rock is removed, underlying strata expand and stretch, creating unloading joints parallel to the surface. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Waves tend to break earlier before they can erode the base of the cliff. Leads to slumping in unconsolidated material and sliding in consolidated strata - producing a complex cliff profile. Saturation promotes mass movement through lubrication and by adding weight. If the less resistant rock is near the top of the cliff, it may be subjected to sub-aerial processes. 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. The added weight of the saturated material, combined with the destabilization of the base, causes the slope to slump or rotate downward. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Some well-jointed but more resistant limestone rocks develop overhangs. Traction: Stones and larger sediment are moved along the ocean floor. The hard rock shields the soft rock from erosion. What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply? It leads to the formation of many landforms and, combined with deposition, plays an important role in shaping the coastline. Erosional landforms - Coastal landforms - AQA - GCSE Geography - BBC Landforms in the middle course of a river. Landward dipping beds produce stabler & steeper cliffs. Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. PDF Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced What is the location and importance of Mumbai? The Holderness Coastline is one of Europe's fastest eroding at an average annual rate of around 2 metres per year. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The exact shape and form of the cliff will depend on such factors as strength and structure of rock, relative hardness and nature of waves involved: Cliffs that are composed of strong, hard rocks such as granite will be eroded slowly with little cliff retreat. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? More resistant rocks (e.g. How do fissures influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? This downward energy erodes cliffs, and the backwash erodes the shoreline, creating steep shore profiles. Y>SZ 3475A[k'UViv=3VGa,+g3?gf+,w{1Jrl|:Q@3^JmQa3;x9Ik&kr'\pS7uO)&;ZNWuIts|Kb9}WOdtpE{zBf`^qulCa6Wm &L5-;=i`6` )r]tt$xOZh{S2U6. How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? More resistant (hard) rock forms steep cliffs. However, due to tectonic activity, rock can be uplifted and folded. The wave cut platform at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. In sedimentary rocks, joints form when rock is subject to compression or stretching by tectonic forces or weight of overlying rock. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Coastal geomorphology: An introduction. 4 Rock falls are a very sudden type of mass movement. 8G@3q~L S "&b 9j3)l%-j93E9s2]rJI7 _-BeE%VamCh)M3E9#XsXx There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. High energy coasts - Field Studies Council Sloping, low-angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope. Discordant (rock type runs perpendicular to the sea). The Holderness Coast is located on the east coast of England. The location of faults and strata with particularly high densities of joints and fissures, Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited to marine erosion, They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape, Small cracks in rocks, often between a few cm and a few mm long. ]X^`T\lq\v7bf_l*Fk?]>1-qne Uw[L6n h]NP?cSc78]-[YH477@=N1l}#6Gww|[ Attrition: Waves crush rocks and stones on the shore against each other, causing them to break and become smaller and smoother. Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. The size of fetch and type of wave are crucial factors affecting the rate of erosion. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. 16-18 Geography Coasts High energy coasts Method Data Presentation Data Analysis Different stretches of the coastline can be put into two different categories: high energy coasts and low energy coasts. h|lQ%2~pjW|TvmO67&Z[~[+Qv,up=L6 3l}qXqX"p j3&+n&S0n&Mc&z^c+Tk+vQVjVH>0smNc@1k The spring tide occurs twice in a lunar cycle and expands the tidal range by uplifting the elevated tide imprint and bringing down the low tide mark. Where are the areas of water deficit and surplus in the UK? Longer fetches & stronger winds create bigger, more powerful waves that have more erosive power. Geography: Landscape systems, processes and change (NEW). It is worth remembering that the landscape will be influenced by processes on the land as well as the sea. d.E Dominated by land-based processes such as deposition at the coast from rivers or new coastal land formed by lava flows. Additionally, there are many smaller-scale sub-cells within the larger cells. The basic formation of a sea cliff is the same everywhere. "Coastal Systems and Processes". They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. Abrasion: Pieces of rock and sand in waves are thrown against the cliff face. If the bedding planes are horizontal (A) then the cliff . Where there are rocks containing iron oxidation can occur, causing it to rust. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. You should really enable it for this site but most things should work without it. The y-axis is often exaggerated on a beach profile. these are rocks containing voids called pores, for example chalk and poorly cemented sandstones, they have numerous joints (e.g. Folded rocks: Often heavily fissured and jointed, meaning they are more easily eroded. If the hard rock is breached though, the softer rock is exposed and a cove can form (e.g., Lulworth Cove). CIE A Level Geography An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. OCR GCSE Geography, AQA A Level Geography This is brought about by the arrangement of the moon and sun, which adjusts their gravitational pull. Often produce headlands and bays. A The resistance to erosion of the rock. PDF Edexcel Geography A-level Coastal Landscapes and Change - PMT What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio? If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. The bay in front of the town was dredged resulting in the beach all but disappearing over a year. Coastlines erode at different rates due to geology, destructive or constructive waves amongst many other causes. This is physical weathering. A beach profile shows the cross-sectional shape of a beach, usually from the edge of the sea to the base of the cliff. Coastal Systems and Processes. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. At nearby Lulworth Cove, bays and coves can appear on concordant coasts when weak points in the resistant rock occur. Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Tides are brought about by the gravitational draw of the moon and, to a lesser degree, the sun. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. It is believed that there are 11 large sediment cells in England and Wales (right). How do folded rocks influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Cliffs and wave cut platforms Cliffs are common features of coastal environments. Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen? Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Coastal landscapes past exam questions Flashcards | Quizlet q_Rv")X&Vh.`^p _O$en$Ic:t]c6@ Distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes, Effects of earthquakes and volcanoes on people and the environment, Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes, Population and settlement iGCSE Geography, The main causes of a change in population size, A country with a rate of high population growth China, A country which is over-populated Bangladesh, A country which is under-populated Australia, A country with a low rate of population growth or decline Japan. If you looked down on a coastline from above and saw the geology of the area, youd be able to see that the rock type changes as you approach the coastline and that the different rocks are arranged in bands. How do joints influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Coastal Systems and Processes | A Level Geography Revision Notes There are four wave erosion processes: Hydraulic action Corrosion Abrasion Attrition ,)u/u0g=.1 R/det:2H)cA1~a{RV~i.K&olQm {Y8B'AaxLx`S%yF%Vviee97!=2wO#6OvQvgP2(P>t*fBWCR Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. Over time thewave-cut notchwill develop into a cave. Depending on the relative position of the weaker rock in composite cliffs determines the different landforms that are created. The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. The angle the beds dip at affects how they are eroded and the profile of the resulting cliffs. This happens as waves store salt crystals in cracks and after some time the salt-like ice applies strain to the cracks. How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? clays and sands) have less structural, strength and are eroded easily, producing a lower cliff profile with mudslides and slumping. The video below shows chalk bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks) in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The outer hard rock (for example,granite) provides a protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks (for example,clays) further inland. How do changes affect the balance of an ecosystem?
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